Engineering Transactions, 55, 3, pp. 239–275, 2007
10.24423/engtrans.220.2007

Structural Health Monitoring – a Review with the Emphasis on Low-Frequency Methods

P. KOŁAKOWSKI
Smart-Tech Centre Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, PAN
Poland

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a fast-developing, interdisciplinary field of research having its roots in vibroacoustics and non-destructive testing and evaluation. Fast development of the area is due to the fact that SHM is heavily stimulated by the engineering problems of maintenance and safe operation of technical infrastructure. The use of SHM is slowly becoming a standard in high-cost, modern infrastructure. Therefore, the possibility of application should always be on the horizon of any related research work. Thus far, the majority of SHM applications have been demonstrated in civil, aerospace and mechanical engineering. This paper reviews the main achievements and points out the current trends in this field with the emphasis on low-frequency methods.
Full Text: PDF
Copyright © Polish Academy of Sciences & Institute of Fundamental Technological Research (IPPT PAN).

References

Aoki M., State space modelling of time series, Springer, Berlin 1987.

Akaike H., Stochastic theory of minimal realization, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 667–674, 1974.

Allemang R.J., Brown D.L., A complete review of the complex mode indicator function (CMIF) with Applications, Proc. of the International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering ISMA2006, Leuven, 3209–3246, 2006.

Allemang R.J., Vibrations: Experimental modal analysis, Course Notes, 7-th edition, Structural Dynamics Research Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA 1999.

http://www.sdrl.uc.edu/course_info.html

Basseville M., On sensor positioning for structural health monitoring, Proc. of the 2nd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, 7–9 July, Munich, Germany, 583– 590, 2004.

Betz D., Thursby G., Culshaw B., Staszewski W.J., Acousto-ultrasonic sensing using fiber Bragg gratings, Smart Materials and Structures, 12, 122–128, 2003.

Biemans C., Staszewski W.J., Boller C., Tomlinson G.R., Crack detection in metallic structures using broadband excitation of acousto-ultrasonics, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 12, 8, 589–597, 2001.

Bodeux J.B., Golinval J.C., ARMAV model technique for system identification and damage detection, European COST F3 Conference on System Identification and Structural Health Monitoring, Madrid, Spain, 303–312, 2000.

Briley B.E., An introduction to fiber optics system design, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1990.

Cawley P., Long range inspection of structures using low frequency ultrasound, Structural Damage Assessment Using Advanced Signal Processing Procedures, Proc. of DAMAS ‘97, University of Sheffield, UK, 1–17, 1997.

Ceravolo R., De Stefano A., Molinari F., Developments and comparisons on the definition of an instantaneous damping estimator for structures under natural excitation, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’01, 25–28 June, Cardiff, UK, 231–240, 2001.

Chang C.C., Chang T.Y.P., Xu Y.G., Wang M.L., Structural damage detection using an iterative neural network, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11, 1, 32–42, 2000.

Chou J-H. and Ghaboussi J., Genetic algorithm in structural damage detection, Computers and Structures, 79, 14, 1335–1353, 2001.

Cooley J.W., Tukey S.W., An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex fourier series, Math. Computers, 19, 297–301, 1965.

Del Grosso A., Torre A., Rosa M., Lattuada B. G., Application of SHM techniques in the restoration of historical buildings: The Royal Villa Monza, Proc. of the 2nd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, 7–9 July, Munich, Germany, 205–212, 2004.

Demarie G.V., Ceravolo R., De Stefano A., Instantaneous identification of rigid bodies on nonlinear support based on volterra series representation, Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure, 16–18 Nov, Shenzhen, China, 913–919, 2005.

Deraemaeker A., Preumont A., Vibration-based damage detection using large array sensors and spatial filters, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 20, 1615–1630, 2006.

De Stefano A., Sabia D., Sabia L., Structural identification using armav models from noisy dynamic response under unknown random excitation, Structural Damage Assessment Using Advanced Signal Processing Procedures, Proc. of DAMAS‘97, University of Sheffield, UK, 419–428, 1997.

Eisenmann R.C. Sr., Eisenmann R.C. Jr., Machinery malfunction diagnosis and correction, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 1998.

Ewins D.J., Modal testing: theory, practice and application, Taylor and Francis Group, 2-nd edition, 2001.

Farrar C.R., Duffey T.A., Doebling S.W., Nix D.A., A statistical pattern recognition paradigm for vibration based structural health monitoring, Structural Health Monitoring 2000, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 764–773, 1999.

Farrar C.R., Sohn H., Robertson A.N., Application of nonlinear system identification to structural health monitoring, Proc. of the 2-nd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, 7–9 July, Munich, Germany, 59–67, 2004.

Friswell M.I., Mottershead J.E., Inverse methods in structural health monitoring, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’01, 25–28 June, Cardiff, UK, 201–210, 2001.

Friswell M.I., Mottershead J.E., Finite Element Model Updating in Structural Dynamics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.

Fritzen C.-P., Bohle K., Damage identification using a modal kinetic energy criterion and “output-only” modal data–application to the Z24-brigde, Proc. of the 2nd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, 7–9 July, Munich, Germany, 185–194, 2004.

Fritzen C.-P., Bohle K., Identification of damage in large scale structures by means of measured FRFs-procedure and application to the I40-highway bridge, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’99, Dublin, Ireland, 310–319, 1999.

Gautschi G., Piezoelectic sensorics, Springer, 2002.

Giurgiutiu V., Blackshire J.L., Thomas D.T., Welter J.T., Yu L., Recent advances in the use of piezoelectric wafer active sensors for structural health monitoring, Proc. of the 2-nd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, 7–9 July, Munich, Germany, 1083–1090, 2004.

Guillaume P., Hermans L., Van Der Auweraer H., Maximum likelihood identification of modal parameters from operational data, Proc. of IMAC 17 Conference on Structural Dynamics, Kissimmee, Florida, USA, 1887–1893, 1999.

Hermans L., Van Der Auweraer H., Modal testing and analysis of structures under operational conditions: industrial applications, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 13, 2, 193–216, 1999.

Ho B. L., Kalman R.E., Effective construction of linear state-variable models from input/output data, Regelungstechnik, 14, 545–548, 1966.

Ho Y.K., Ewins D.J., Numerical evaluation of the damage index, Structural Health Monitoring 2000, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 995–1011, 1999.

Holnicki–Szulc J., Gierlinski J.T., Structural analysis, design and control by the virtual distortion metod, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK 1995.

Holnicki–Szulc J., Kolakowski P., Nasher N., Leakage detection in water networks, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 16, 3, 207–219, 2005.

Holroyd T., The acoustic emission and ultrasonic monitoring handbook, Coxmoor Publishing Company, Oxford 2001.

Hou Z., Noori M., Amand R.S., Wavelet-based approach for structural damage detection, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 126, 7, 677–683, 2000.

Hou Z. and Hera A., A system identification technique using pseudo-wavelets, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 12, 10, 681–687, 2001.

http://www.ndt.net/

Hunt S.R., Hebden I.G., Validation of the eurofighter tphoon structural health and usage monitoring system, European COST F3 Conference on System Identification and Structural Health Monitoring, Madrid, Spain, 743–753, 2000.

Ibrahim S.R., Mikulcik E.C., A Method for the direct identification of vibration parameters from the free response, Shock and Vibration Bulletin, No. 47, Pt. 4, September, 183–198, 1977.

Juang J–N., Applied system identification, Prentice Hall PTR, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA 1994.

Kabashima S., Ozaki T., Takeda N., Damage detection of satellite structures by optical fiber with small diameter, Smart Structures and Materials 2000: Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3, 985, Newport Beach, California, 343– 351, 2000.

Kalman R.E., Mathematical description of linear dynamical systems, SIAM Journal on Control, 1, 2, 152–192, 1963.

Kao K.C., Hockham G.A., Dielectric fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies, Proc. of the IEEE, 113, 1151–1158, 1966.

Kasarda M., Quinn D.D., Bash T., Mani G., Inman D., Kirk R.G., Sawicki J.T., Magnetic bearings for non-destructive health monitoring of rotating machinery supported in conventional bearings, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’05, 4–6 July, Gdansk, Poland, 383–390, 2005.

Koehler B., Schubert F., Frankenstein B., Numerical and experimental investigation of lamb wave excitation, propagation and detection for SHM, proc. of the 2-nd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, 7–9 July, Munich, Germany, 993– 1000, 2004.

Kołakowski P., Zielinski T.G., Holnicki–Szulc J., Damage identification by the dynamic virtual distortion method, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 15, 6, 479–493, 2004.

Lewinska–Romicka A., Non-destructive testing. Fundamentals of defectoscopy [in Polish], Wydawnictwa Naukowo–Techniczne, Warszawa 2001.

Ljung L , System identification. Theory for the user, 2-nd edition, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA 1999.

Ljung L., Soderstrom T., Theory and practice of recursive identification, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 1983.

Lopez–Diez J., Torrealba M., Guemes A, Cuerno C., Application of statistical energy analysis for damage detection in spacecraft structures, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’05, 4–6 July, Gdansk, Poland, 525–532, 2005.

Maeck J., De Roeck G., Dynamic bending and torsion stiffness derivation from modal curvatures and torsion rates, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 225, 1, 153–170, 1999.

Maeck J., Damage assessment of Civil Engineering structures by vibration monitoring, PhD Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium 2003.

Maeck J., De Roeck G., Damage assessment using vibration analysis on the Z24 bridge, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 71, 1, 133–142, 2003.

Mallat S., A wavelet tour of signal processing, San Diego, Academic Press 1999.

Mallet L., Lee B.C., Staszewski W.J., Scarpa F., Structural health monitoring using scanning laser vibrometry: II. Lamb waves for damage detection, Smart Materials and Structures, 13, 2, 261–269, 2004.

Modena C., Sonda D., Zonta D., Damage localization in reinforced concrete structures by using damping measurements, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’99, Dublin, Ireland, 132–141, 1999.

Monaco E., Franco F., Lecce L., Experimental and numerical activities on damage detection using magnetostrictive actuators and statistical analysis, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 11, 7, 567–578, 2000.

Mujica L.E., Vehi J., Rodellar J., Kolakowski P., A hybrid approach of knowledgebased reasoning for structural assessment, Smart Materials and Structures, 14, 1554–1562, 2005.

Muravin G., Inspection, diagnostics and monitoring of construction materials by the acoustic emission methods, Minerva Press, London 2000.

Natke H., Cempel C., Model-aided diagnosis of mechanical systems, Springer, Berlin 1997.

Ostachowicz W., Krawczuk M., Damage detection of structures using spectral element method, [in:] Advances in Smart Technologies in Structural Engineering, J. Holnicki- Szulc, C. A. Mota Soares [Eds.], Springer, 69–88, 2003.

Park G. Inman D.J., Impedance-based structural health monitoring, [in:] Inman D., Farrar C., Lopes V. Jr., Steffen V. Jr. [Eds.] Damage Prognosis for Aerospace, Civil and Mechanical Systems, John Wiley and Sons 2005.

Peeters B., System identification and damage detection in Civil Engineering, PhD Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium 2000. http://www.kuleuven.be/bwm 65. Peeters B., De Roeck G., Reference-based stochastic subspace identification for outputonly modal analysis, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 13, 6, 855–878, 1999.

Peeters B., De Roeck G., Caetano E., Cunha A., Dynamic study of the Vasco Da Gama bridge, Proc. of the ISMA 2002, Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering, September, Leuven, Belgium 2002.

Peeters B., Maeck J., De Roeck G., Vibration-based damage detection in civil engineering: Excitation sources and temperature effects, Smart Materials and Structures, 10, 518–527, 2001.

Pintelon R., Schoukens J., System identification: a frequency domain approach, IEEE Press, New York 2001.

Rose J.L., Ultrasonic waves in solid media, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999.

Rytter A., Vibration based inspection of civil engineering structures, PhD Thesis, Department of Building Technology and Structural Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark 1993.

Skjaerbaek P.S., Kirkegaard P.H., Nielsen S.R.K., Shaking table tests of reinforced concrete frames, Structural Damage Assessment Using Advanced Signal, Processing Procedures, Proc. of DAMAS‘97, University of Sheffield, UK, 441–450, 1997.

Sohn H., Farrar C.R., Hemez F.M., Shunk D.D., Stinemates D.W., Nadler B.R., A Review of structural health monitoring literature: 1996–2001, Los Alamos National Laboratory Report, LA-13976-MS, 2003.

Sohn H., Worden K., Farrar C.R., Statistical damage classification under changing environmental and operational conditions, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 13, 9, 561–574, 2002.

Spencer B.F. Jr., Gao Y., Yang G., Distributed computing strategy for damage monitoring employing smart sensors, Proc. of the 2-nd International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure, 16–18 Nov, Shenzhen, China, 35–47, 2005.

Spina D., Modal parameters identification of buildings using ARX models and seismic experimental data, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’99, Dublin, Ireland, 328–334, 1999.

Staszewski W.J., Structural health monitoring using guided ultrasonic waves, [in:] Advances in Smart Technologies in Structural Engineering, J. Holnicki-Szulc, C.A. Mota Soares [Eds.], Springer, 117–162, 2003.

Stavroulakis G.E., Inverse and crack identification problems in engineering mechanics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 2000.

Swiercz A., Kolakowski P., Holnicki–Szulc J., Damage identification utilizing harmonic excitation in static-like frequency-based inverse analysis, Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure, 16-18 Nov, Shenzhen, China, 971–976, 2005.

Teughels A., Inverse modelling of civil engineering structures on operational modal data, PhD Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium 2003.

Teughels A., De Roeck G., Structural damage identification of the highway bridge Z24 by FE model updating, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 278, 3, 589–610, 2004.

Tracy M., Chang F.-K., Identifying impacts in composite plates with piezoelectric strain sensors, Part I: Theory, Part II: Experiment, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 9, 920–937, 1998.

Udd E. [Ed.], Fibre optic smart structures, Wiley, New York 1995.

Uhl T., Barszcz T., Bednarz J., Model based SHM – Rotating machinery application, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’05, 4–6 July, Gdansk, Poland, 459–466, 2005.

Van Overschee P., De Moor B., Subspace identification for linear systems:Theoryimplementation- applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands 1996.

Vold H., Russell R., Advanced Analysis Methods Improve Modal Test Results, Sound and Vibration, March, 36–40, 1983.

Wang M.L., Xu F.L., Lloyd G.M., A Systematic Numerical Analysis of the Damage Index Method Used for Bridge Diagnostics, Smart Structures and Materials 2000: Smart Systems for Bridges, Structures, and Highways, Proceedings of SPIE, 3, 988, Newport Beach, California, 154–164, 2000.

Williams E.J., Messina A., Applications of the multiple damage location assurance criterion, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’99, Dublin, Ireland, 256–264, 1999.

Worden K., Manson G., Allman D., An experimental appraisal of the strain energy damage location method, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’01, 25–28 June, Cardiff, UK, 35–46, 2001.

Yana Y.J., Yam L.H., Jiang J.S., Vibration-based damage detection for composite structures using wavelet transform and neural network, Composite Structures, 60, 403– 412, 2003.

Yang S.M., Lee G.S., Effects of modeling error on structure damage diagnosis by twostage optimization, Structural Health Monitoring 2000, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 871–880, 1999.

Zak A., Krawczuk M., Ostachowicz W., Vibration of a laminated composite plate with closing delamination, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’99, Dublin, Ireland, 17–26, 1999.

Zhang L., Quiong W., Link M., A structural damage identification approach based on element modal strain energy, Proc. of ISMA 23, Noise and Vibration Engineering, Leuven, Belgium 1998.

Zimmermann D.C., Looking into the Crystal Ball: The continued need for multiple viewpoints in damage detection, Proc. of the International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures DAMAS’99, Dublin, Ireland, 76–90, 1999.




DOI: 10.24423/engtrans.220.2007